Watch Your Step: Adam's Margin Maximization Bias Depends on the Learning Rate Schedule

Eitan Gronich, Gal Vardi

We study the implicit bias of Adam and its similarity to sign gradient descent on homogeneous models in binary classification tasks. Perhaps surprisingly, we uncover that these depend on the learning rate schedule. While previous works studied strongly decaying learning rate schedules $η(t)=\mathrm o \left(t^{1/L-1}\right)$, where $L$ is the homogeneity degree, and showed $\ell_\infty$-margin-maximization biases, we focus on the more common complementary regime, including constant and weakly decaying schedules. For a polynomial schedule $t^α$ and homogeneity degree $L$, we show that when $α> \frac 1L - \frac12$, Adam has no trajectory-independent margin-maximization bias for deep linear networks (in the KKT sense): first, there is no non-trivial, locally Lipschitz, convex implicit regularizer in this setting, including any squared norm. Second, on width-$1$ networks, the result holds without requiring convexity, implying that any implicit regularizer for wide networks must be trivial when restricted to a width-$1$ network. Nevertheless, we positively characterize the implicit bias in this regime as maximizing a trajectory-dependent weighted-$\ell_2$ margin for any $L$-homogeneous…