Conditional Diffusion-Based Generation of T2-Weighted Prostate MRI for Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer Classification

Xavier Rafael-Palou, Alejandro Vergara-Richart, Ignacio Iborra Roncales, Carmen Prieto-de-la-Lastra, Andreu Antolin-Redondo +2

Scarce and unrepresentative training data limit the performance of prostate MRI prediction models. Synthetic T2-weighted (T2W) MRI may augment training data containing clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) and transition zone (TZ) lesions. In this retrospective, single-center, ethics-committee-approved study, we developed a conditional generative model for T2W prostate MRI extending MAISI-v2 with csPCa class, zonal, and lesion-mask-guided conditioning, incorporating a relative advantage weighted loss fine-tuned on 1,303 patients (1,654 lesions). Fidelity was assessed by incremental ablation, and downstream utility was evaluated with T2W-based csPCa classifiers across five simulated training-data scenarios, each testing 18 synthetic-data configurations. The proposed model reduced Fréchet inception distance (FID) from 13.28 (pretrained MAISI-v2) to $2.04 \pm 0.06$ internally (PI-CAI: $3.83 \pm 0.51$). Synthetic augmentation significantly increased AUC in all five scenarios (+0.027 to +0.088; adjusted $p = 0.016$--$0.043$), though cross-institutional augmentation of PI-CAI yielded a non-significant gain (+0.013; $p = 0.397$). Overall, our model improved T2W MRI fidelity,…