UPSHIFT: User Preference Steering from Human-AI Interaction Feedback Traces

Jingping Wang, Zhanhao Li, Shao Zhang, Shuyue Hu

Personalizing large language model assistants requires adapting their responses to individual users, including the selection of content, reasoning approach, level of detail, and form of presentation. Such preferences are often latent, becoming visible only when users respond to an initial answer and request revisions. We investigate whether these feedback trajectories can be converted into a reusable personalization signal without explicit preference profiles or labels, prompt-time access to interaction histories, or model parameter updates. We introduce UPSHIFT (User Preference Steering from Human-AI Interaction Feedback Traces), a training-free method that compares the hidden representations of initial and feedback-conditioned responses within each session, averages the resulting trajectory displacements across a user's sessions, and injects the aggregated preference direction when answering a new query. The method is motivated by the implicit-preference hypothesis: although an individual conversational transition may reflect topic progression or task-specific correction, changes that recur across sessions retain a component that captures how the user wants responses to be…