Flexible Intensities Matter: A Comprehensive Re-evaluation of Hawkes Processes and Neural Temporal Point Processes

Hendrik Mehrtens, Florian Buettner, Oliver Stegle

Temporal point processes (TPPs) are the canonical framework for event sequence data, with applications spanning seismology, social media, and electronic health records. Recently, neural TPPs have been reported to substantially outperform classical TPPs, such as Hawkes processes, but these comparisons pitted flexible neural models against Hawkes processes in their most restricted form, and did not consider large-scale medical data. Here, we revisit this comparison through a systematic evaluation of Poisson and Hawkes processes of increasing flexibility against neural TPPs, on five established benchmark datasets and on two large-scale medical evaluation tasks derived from UK Biobank disease histories and MIMIC-IV ICU records, under autoregressive next-event prediction. First, the previously reported gap between Hawkes processes and neural TPPs largely disappears once Hawkes processes are equipped with flexible, learnable baselines and kernels. Second, the flexibility of the intensity parametrization also limits prior neural TPPs: a Transformer with a spline-based intensity head outperforms previous intensity-based neural TPPs and is on par with the intensity-free model. Decomposing…