Beyond the principle-practice gap: Responsible AI as situated epistemic and ethical practice

Thao Do Ngoc, Emma Carmel

Responsible AI scholarship has found that ethical principles are frequently not reflected in AI design and development. Conceptualised as a `gap' between principle and practice, this is framed as a problem of implementation, awareness or compliance, and by implication, a deficit of systems or individual behaviour. This paper sets out an alternative explanation. Drawing on fourteen semi-structured interviews with actors designing and governing AI-enabled anti-trafficking systems across law enforcement, commercial, research, and survivor-support contexts, it argues that such apparent gaps emerge from the varied and complex institutional and professional conditions through which actors come to recognise some issues, but not others, as ethical problems requiring action. We show that epistemic choices are intertwined with ethical judgements, and trace four interconnected moments---perception, judgement, situated action and socio-technical materialisation---through which concerns become intelligible, are weighed and acted upon, and are embedded in technical artefacts and governance arrangements. Actors often hold genuine ethical commitments, but these commitments are shaped by…