Adapt the Object to the Subject: Representative Study Material for Empirical Software Engineering

Max Unterbusch, Julian Frattini, Michael Mircea, Alexander Korn, Kurt Schneider +2

External validity is a central concern in empirical software engineering, yet the debate has largely focused on whether study participants are representative. How well the study objects they reason about - code, models, or requirements - are representative of each participant's own work is often overlooked. Practitioners' own artifacts would be ideal, but are often out of reach, so researchers sample from public datasets or construct objects artificially. Whether this lack of subject-object fit affects participants' ability to act on the material remains unknown. We take a first step toward answering this question for requirements. We propose an approach that uses an LLM to generate context-adapted synthetic requirements just-in-time during an online survey from a short, participant-supplied context description, optionally injecting requirements smells as controlled stimuli. To validate the approach, we conducted a controlled experiment with 31 industry practitioners in a 2x2 design that crosses stimulus generation (static vs. synthetic) with quality (clean vs. smelly). Each participant rated the perceived representativeness and assessability of 20 requirements. Using Bayesian…