FATE: Fault-Aware Transfer Error for Unsupervised Anomaly Detection

Tao Wang

We study unsupervised industrial anomaly detection in the single-class setting, where a detector learns only from normal images of one product category. Reconstruction-based detectors model normal features from a frozen encoder, but their target layers are usually chosen by architectural convention. We instead ask what information one block can pass to another. Treating depth as a sequence of discrete transitions, we train eight directed, token-wise predictors from block 1 and blocks 21-23 to blocks 7 and 14. Adjacent-layer cosine similarity drops at four repeatable fault lines in DINOv2 ViT-L, separating stable depth segments. The deepest blocks retain semantic context but lose local detail, so the residual of a source-to-sensitive prediction measures information that cannot be transported. The fault structure constrains the source and target roles, and the same rule transfers to ViT-B and RADIO-B. A bounded foreground prior, calibrated only on normal training images, suppresses background residuals while retaining a positive floor for evidence outside the estimated foreground. With the same eight channels and a common training-only calibration procedure in every single-category…