SoK: Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) Integration in Software Development: Approaches, Gaps, and Future Directions

Shakya R. D. N., Craig Costello, Nalin A. G. Arachchilage

Standardised post-quantum cryptography (PQC) is critical for protecting software systems against future quantum threats, but standardised algorithms alone do not provide a pathway for their secure integration into software. This paper presents a Systematisation of Knowledge (SoK) of PQC integration in software development, synthesising existing approaches across implementation, migration, and developer education. We analyse these approaches against NIST PQC standards and PQC migration guidance, software development lifecycle coverage, cybersecurity practices, deployment maturity, and testing and evaluation evidence. Our analysis shows that existing work establishes important technical and organisational foundations but provides disconnected support across the software development lifecycle, with limited coordination between preparation, implementation, migration, deployment, maintenance, and developer practices. Evaluation evidence also remains concentrated in controlled or early-stage settings, providing stronger evidence of technical feasibility than operational readiness. We identify cross-cutting gaps and research directions for developing lifecycle-oriented, empirically…