Improving Large Audio-Language Model Embedding Baselines for Instruction-Aware Speech Retrieval

Chen-An Li, Cheng-Han Chiang, Hung-yi Lee

Speech retrieval finds relevant spoken documents given a spoken query. The spoken query alone may not reveal the retrieval goal, such as finding an answer or matching speaker identity. Instruction-aware speech retrieval expresses this goal through a natural-language text instruction. Large audio-language models (LALMs) effectively process speech and text, and our analysis shows that different retrieval requirements favor hidden states from different audio-encoder layers. We introduce IRIS-Embed, which adapts LALMs into embedding models through contrastive training and instruction-aware audio layer weighting. We construct about 900K training samples from real data and synthetic data, with instructions expressing requirements for one or more speech attributes. On INSPIRE, an instruction-aware speech retrieval benchmark, IRIS-Embed consistently outperforms the corresponding LALM baselines. The best model achieves 62.92% macro-average Recall@50, surpassing the strongest baseline at 45.15%. Controlled comparisons demonstrate instruction awareness and the benefits of audio layer weighting. On MAEB, a massive audio embedding benchmark, macro-average gains of 9.4-19.8 points over the…