SafeOrchestrate: Runtime Checked Intent-Driven Orchestration for Cyber-Physical Systems

Muhammad Ashfaq, Ahmed R. Sadik, Ewan Warburton, Pyry Kotilainen, Niko Mäkitalo +1

Modern cyber physical systems (CPS) integrate heterogeneous sensors, actuators, controllers, and services, composed at runtime rather than at design time. Orchestrating such systems through natural language (NL) is attractive, but unconstrained large language model (LLM) tool use is risky because actions must respect device capabilities, runtime state, and safety constraints. We present Safe Orchestrate, a reference architecture for runtime checked, intent driven CPS orchestration. Given an NL intent, it derives atomic goals, generates a runtime checkable specification for each, grounds the specifications to device affordances, and verifies every candidate action against runtime state and safety constraints before execution. In a Web of Things (WoT) instantiation, the architecture produces Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) style specifications from the NL intent, grounds them to Thing Description (TD) affordances exposed through the Model Context Protocol (MCP), and checks candidate actions against satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) backed guardrails. We evaluate this instantiation on simulated smart home, greenhouse, and industrial automation tasks against a direct LLM to MCP…