TensorMutation: Learning Weight-Space Mutations of Deep Learning Models on Neural Graphs

Zaheed Ahmed, Philip Makedonski, Jens Grabowski

Mutation testing for deep learning (DL) faces a cost-realism trade-off. The pre-training approach produces realistic but computationally expensive mutants, whereas existing post-training operators modify trained models efficiently but produce mutants that less closely resemble real faults. This study asks whether the trade-off is necessary: can the weight-space effect of a fault-informed pre-training mutation operator be predicted from a trained model, without retraining it? We answer this question with TensorMutation, which represents a trained model as a neural graph and uses a mutation-conditioned graph neural network (GNN) to predict parameter changes. The GNN is trained offline and reused across unseen models so that TensorMutation can generate executable mutants without retraining. We construct a corpus of 25,252 original-mutant pairs from 71 multilayer perceptron (MLP) classifiers using 11 fault-informed pre-training operators, including 25 newly curated subjects. TensorMutation partially reproduces the behavioral effects of pre-training mutations on nine held-out subjects, and direct weight-space supervision significantly improves weight-space fidelity. On 12 real-fault…