One Run Is Not Enough: A Monte Carlo Protocol for Evaluating LLM Reliability on Data Science Tasks

Wenqi Ni, Ozan Evkaya, Miguel de Carvalho

Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise for automating data science workflows. Benchmarks such as DataSciBench (2026) and StatQA (2024) have advanced the evaluation of their capabilities across data science and statistical tasks. Assessing their reliability requires examining both the quality of their responses and their consistency across repeated runs, task types, and difficulty levels. With this aim, we introduce DS-QA, a benchmark comprising 100 data science and statistics questions drawn from UK university courses, spanning 16 datasets and three difficulty levels. We develop a three-layer evaluation framework that combines general response properties (runtime, verbosity and text similarity), coarse-grained metrics (accuracy, code executability and completeness), and task-specific metrics. We evaluate OpenAI models using a Monte Carlo protocol with 100 repeated runs. The results reveal substantial variability in responses to data visualisation and supervised learning tasks, particularly at medium and hard difficulty levels, highlighting the importance of evaluating consistency alongside response quality. We also find that an increase of 0.1 in the word verbosity ratio…