MetaPI: Constructing Prompt Injection Benchmarks from LLM Agent Benchmark

Peiran Wang, Chong Xiang, Wenjie Qu, Ying Li, Jiaheng Zhang +2

Large language model (LLM) agents increasingly perform complex tasks using high-privilege tools, making indirect prompt injection (IPI) a critical security risk. However, IPI benchmarks lag behind their rapidly evolving utility counterparts, only offering limited task and environment coverage and relying on narrow, static attack scenarios. In this paper, we propose meta-benchmarking for IPI: transforming existing utility benchmarks into end-to-end IPI evaluation suites that reuse their realistic tasks, environments, and infrastructure. We present MetaPI, an extensible toolkit that automatically identifies plausible injection points, generates realistic attack objectives, optimizes adaptive payloads, and validates attacks in the real environment. Its modular interfaces support heterogeneous environments, agents, defenses, and attack algorithms, allowing new components to be integrated without redesigning the evaluation pipeline. We apply MetaPI to AppWorld, VitaBench, and Terminal-Bench and evaluate representative agents and defenses across multiple backbone LLMs. Our results show that no evaluated defense simultaneously achieves strong utility and strong security in realistic,…