fNIRSAtlas: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Classification

Kalle Mäkelä, Tuukka Ruotsalo

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a promising modality for brain-computer interfaces and cognitive state decoding, but progress in machine learning for fNIRS has been limited by small, isolated datasets and inconsistent evaluation protocols. We introduce fNIRSAtlas, the largest open benchmark for fNIRS classification to date, comprising 23 classification tasks from 19 public data collections, spanning diverse experimental paradigms, including motor execution, motor imagery, mental arithmetic, working memory, and emotion recognition. fNIRSAtlas provides a fully automated pipeline from raw data to evaluation and defines standardized benchmark tasks for both cross-subject and within-subject classification, ensuring reproducible comparison of methods. We evaluate a variety of baseline models from fNIRS and related neuroimaging and time-series machine learning literature on the benchmark. Our results demonstrate that performance varies substantially across tasks and that methods validated on limited data -- especially deep learning approaches -- often fail to generalize beyond their original evaluation. fNIRSAtlas serves as an extensible, open, and reproducible…