A Privacy-Aware Deep Learning Benchmark for Facial Emotion Recognition

Larissa Palhares, Maria Machado, Hudson Bruno, Raphael Ramos, Andrew Vale +3

Facial Expression Recognition (FER) traditionally relies on raw RGB images, introducing privacy risks, sensitivity to illumination variations, and susceptibility to identity-confounding visual shortcuts. As an alternative, this work proposes a lightweight, privacy-aware pipeline using exclusively geometric representations-facial landmarks (478 points) and blendshapes (52 coefficients, ARKit standard)-eliminating persistent raw video storage. Six neural architectures trained from scratch on fused CREMA-D and RAVDESS datasets were benchmarked against an ImageNet-pretrained ResNet50 baseline under a 5-fold subject-independent cross-validation protocol. Geometric models consistently outperformed the pixel baseline on unseen subjects with 12-124 times fewer parameters, while demonstrating superior robustness on subtle emotional expressions such as sadness. Ablation studies reveal that blendshapes capture the primary discriminative signal, while landmarks provide essential complementary spatial topology. These results demonstrate that compact geometric representations preserve affective semantics, eliminate downstream transfer learning dependency on visual backbones, and enable…