Dataset Collections: Challenges of Large-Scale Data Aggregation in 3D Medical Image Datasets

Yannick Kirchhoff, Saikat Roy, Elisa Stegmeier, Hamideh Haghiri, Constantin Ulrich +28

The development of deep learning-based medical AI depends on high-quality annotated data. Yet, dataset creation remains constrained by the need for expert radiologist annotations, limiting curated datasets to relatively small cohorts. To overcome this limitation, recent efforts increasingly aggregate disparate public datasets into large-scale dataset collections. However, combining datasets at scale often obscures data provenance, introducing substantial risks of reuse propagation, unintended leakage, bias amplification and distorted data distributions. In this work, we study these problems on a massive collection of 565k 3D radiological images across 1034 public datasets and provide practical resources to address them. Firstly, we formalize dataset collections as a distinct paradigm in medical image analysis and characterize their structural challenges, including reuse propagation, duplication, and provenance fragmentation. Secondly, we perform a large-scale empirical study of duplication on this collection and demonstrate extensive exact and near-duplicate reuse across public datasets via perceptual hashing and manual tracing, identifying a lower bound of 118k duplicate pairs.…