Transit-Oriented Land Use Planning Using Deep Reinforcement Learning

Bo Yang, Yuebing Liang, Zhan Zhao, Fangyi Ding, Yunhan Zheng +2

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is a key strategy for advancing sustainable urban development by promoting high-density, mixed-use land development within walking distance of public transit stations. However, traditional TOD planning often relies on heuristic methods, making it difficult to efficiently identify quantitatively optimized transit-oriented land use patterns. This paper presents DRL4TOD, a deep reinforcement learning framework that automatically optimizes land use types and floor area ratios (FARs) around transit stations in alignment with TOD principles. DRL4TOD incorporates a graph neural network to capture spatial interdependencies among land parcels, road networks, and metro stations, and uses a DRL-based optimization strategy to assign land-use types and FARs to selected parcels. It jointly optimizes multiple objectives, including land use density, land use diversity, and transit capacity utilization, while minimizing reconstruction costs to account for development feasibility. Applied to two real-world station areas in Shanghai, DRL4TOD consistently outperforms rule-based approaches and genetic algorithms, achieving more effective TOD outcomes with lower…