The Truth Beneath the Tokens: Prompt-Space Recovery of Knowledge Edits in Language Models

Manit Baser, Rachel Yeo Hui Min, Aditya Nawal, Dinil Mon Divakaran, Mohan Gurusamy

Model editing provides an efficient way to update factual knowledge in transformer models. Recent approaches reverse edits by modifying, masking, or decomposing model weights, but make recovery dependent on weight-space interventions. We instead show that pre-edit knowledge can be recovered through input-space interventions alone, without modifying the edited model's weights. We introduce Memento, a prompt-space mechanism for auditing residual knowledge that learns a reusable recovery signal to steer an edited model toward its pre-edit response. Memento supports both continuous recovery prefixes and discrete textual prompts for standard text interfaces. Across three LLMs and five editing techniques, Memento recovers 80.07% of held-out edited facts, achieving a 9.58% relative improvement over baselines, suggesting that editing may suppress the facts without fully eliminating their recoverability. We further investigate whether prompt-space recovery extends beyond model editing. On pristine, unedited LLMs, Memento improves average factual recall by 53.9% relative to standard inference. These results demonstrate the potential of prompt-space recovery for auditing residual knowledge…