On the Geometric Bottlenecks of Cross-Lingual Knowledge Editing

Aastha A K Verma, Anwoy Chatterjee, Sparsh Jain, Tanmoy Chakraborty

Transformer-based autoregressive multilingual language models (LMs) are often assumed to store factual knowledge in an interlingua: a language-agnostic latent space. If this assumption holds, a parameter update applied in a source language during knowledge editing should inherently propagate to its semantic equivalents in target languages. However, empirical benchmarks show that cross-lingual propagation of edits often degrades substantially, a degradation that prior work treats largely as an algorithmic symptom rather than a structural bottleneck. In this work, we investigate whether representational anisotropy creates a structural bottleneck for source-only associative-memory editing, and perform a geometric dissection of the cross-lingual propagation gap. Using associative memory-based "locate-then-edit" methods, including ROME, MEMIT, and AlphaEdit, as analytical frameworks, we derive a closed-form decomposition of this gap into key-space propagation, parallel residual mismatch, and orthogonal residual mismatch. Our empirical findings show that cross-lingual propagation is primarily bottlenecked by a large orthogonal residual component, indicating that source-language edits…