REINS: A Self-Evolving Agent Harness for Real-Time Trajectory Planning

Zhihong Cui, Hengyu Liu, Haoran Tang, Shijun Liu, Amir Taherkordi +1

Agent harnesses -- runtime scaffolds that wrap an LLM's reasoning loop with tool dispatch, verification, and persistent memory -- have become the standard substrate for deploying LLMs as autonomous agents, as demonstrated by Claude Code and Codex in software engineering. In trajectory planning, however, this paradigm has not taken hold: existing LLM-based trajectory planning methods either keep the LLM in the decision loop, exceeding the millisecond-level control budget, or offload it to offline rules or training-time supervision -- leaving the runtime planner non-evolving. Intermediate hybrids still lack the verification-and-consolidation loop that makes harnesses reliable. We ask: what runtime harness would let an LLM planner meet real-time constraints while self-evolving into a deployable one? We propose REINS, a harness built on three LLM-planner couplings: LLM outputs are (i) grounded to a learned variable-level dynamics model, (ii) verified via calibrated predicates and forward rollout, and (iii) consolidated into an indexed rule memory that serves future scenes in O(log n) without re-invoking the LLM. The harness closes a self-evolution loop: familiar scenes resolve by…