Where Should Models Run? A Collaborative Inference Framework for Embodied Intelligence in 6G

Wanlu Sun, Zhenhui Yuan, Xiang Ji, Yi Han, Qing Li +1

Embodied intelligence systems rely on fast and reliable inference to enable real-time perception, reasoning, and control. Recent advances in large-scale artificial intelligence (AI) models, including Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models, have significantly enhanced the capabilities of embodied agents in complex environments. However, deploying these models remains challenging due to the limited computational resources and energy budgets of robotic platforms. A fundamental question is where inference should be executed. Collaborative inference, which partitions models across end devices, edge servers, and the cloud, has emerged as a promising solution. Yet determining the optimal partitioning point remains an open problem, as it depends on wireless network conditions, model structure, and privacy requirements. This article reviews the state of the art in collaborative inference for embodied intelligence and proposes an edge-centric framework in which the edge coordinates model partitioning and execution. Through both simulation and real-world experiments over WiFi and 5G networks, we demonstrate that the optimal partitioning strategy varies with…