CapLite: Prompt-Injection Defense for Small Language Model Agents without Model-Written Security Artifacts

Zimo Xu, Wenzhuo Liu, Hideki Nakayama

Enforcement defenses against prompt injection, such as CaMeL, Progent, IPIGuard and DRIFT, ask the agent's own model to write a security artifact (a program, a privilege policy, a dependency graph or a constraint list) that code then enforces. We ask whether small language model (SLM) agents can be trusted to write these artifacts. Across 15 open-weight models, 13 of them between 1.7B and 12B parameters, they cannot: the policies, graphs and constraints that the agent's model writes admit attacks on 14 (Progent), 13 (IPIGuard) and 11 (DRIFT) of the models, and CaMeL's programs fail to run in up to 68% of episodes. We present CapLite, which derives its policy from the tool schemas, commits the write calls before any tool result is read, and admits a write only if every argument that decides whom or what it affects is stated in the user's request. This guarantees write integrity: injected text cannot add a write, and no write reaches a recipient, amount, object or destination that the user did not state. No attack succeeds in 13,935 attacked AgentDojo episodes. CapLite reaches utility under attack comparable to CaMeL's (29.0% vs. 27.2%) with fewer tokens than every other…