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ByteTrail · AI and developer-tools intelligence
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Fields · this week
All fields2627Multimodal529AI agents490Frontier LLMs325Inference & serving233Teacher policy distillation199Medical image segmentation150Physics informed neural134Supervised & diffusion models114Forecasting time53Voice AI49Machine learned interatomic44Remote sensing44Electrocardiogram ecg41Deepfake detection37Federated learning36All 25 fields

Open problems across fields

  • Interface lock-in in multimodal spatial reasoning1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it

    Specializing a model on one spatial task (e.g., side detection) degrades performance on others (e.g., distance estimation), limiting general spatial intelligence.

    • ChronoReplay: One Answer Interface Is Not Enough for Streaming Spatial Intelligenceraises · addresses
  • Lack of benchmarks for agent harness reliability1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it

    Existing evaluations focus on model capabilities, not the reliability of the systems that deploy and manage agents.

    • Trial by Trace: Benchmarking AI Agent Harnesses for Reliability and Failure Attributionraises · addresses
  • Negative net value of agent memory systems1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it

    Memory systems often underperform naive retrieval, as their design can obscure or remove critical evidence from raw history.

    • Memory Tax: Dissecting the Net Value of Agent Memoryraises · addresses
  • Credit assignment in diffusion language models1 paper raises it · 2 address it

    Iterative denoising in DLMs makes it hard to attribute rewards to individual tokens, limiting reinforcement learning effectiveness.

    • DTCA: Denoising Token Credit Assignment for Reinforcement Learning in Diffusion Language Modelsraises · addresses
    • Multiscale Policy Optimization for Long-Horizon LLM Agentsaddresses
  • Uncertainty quantification failure under class imbalance1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it

    Standard uncertainty measures fail to reflect clinical ambiguity in imbalanced datasets, systematically penalizing minority classes.

    • When uncertainty quantification fails: structural vulnerabilities and corrections for selective prediction under clinical class imbalanceraises · addresses

Named by an AI from these papers' abstracts.

Rising research topics

  • AI tutors20+81.8%
  • Channel state information17+70.0%
  • Character recognition OCR12+9.1%
  • Supervised & diffusion models113−1.7%
  • Electrocardiogram ecg41−2.4%
  • Physics informed neural134−6.9%
  • Machine learned interatomic44−10.2%
  • Stochastic gradient descent31−13.9%

Papers

  • arXiv cs.CLOct 10

    Learning Proposition-Level Links from Sentence-Level Supervision for Neuro-Symbolic NLI

    Xuyao Feng, Antonis Bikakis

    We study neuro-symbolic natural language inference (NLI) with independently translated propositional representations of the premise and hypothesis. Before symbolic reasoning, the system must infer semantic links between their proposition-level units (atoms). Existing systems based on Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) and Boolean satisfiability (SAT) identify these links using fixed embedding-based source selection and pretrained sentence-level NLI models not trained for atom-level linking. We introduce a trainable atom linker that jointly predicts link existence, source selection, and relation type. Without atom-pair training annotations, we treat cross-formula link structures as latent and train the linker from sentence-level NLI labels, keeping the translator and SAT reasoner fixed. We evaluate on the full public test splits of Stanford Natural Language Inference (SNLI) and Sentences Involving Compositional Knowledge (SICK), and the matched and mismatched validation splits of Multi-Genre Natural Language Inference (MNLI). Our system improves accuracy by 11.40-27.09 percentage points over a baseline applying sentence-trained NLI models unchanged to atom pairs within the same…

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  • arXiv cs.ROOct 10

    RootSLAM: Square Root Bundle Adjustment for Visual-Inertial SLAM

    Tomás Santucci, Mateo de Mayo, Daniel Cremers, Taihú Pire

    Efficient perception is a prerequisite for the small, low-power devices targeted by robotics, mixed reality, autonomous driving, and drone applications, all of which rely on Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) to estimate their motion within their surroundings. Learning-based SLAM systems achieve state-of-the-art accuracy but are demanding in compute, whereas classical geometry-based methods retain a strong efficiency advantage with little to no loss in accuracy. In this work we present RootSLAM, a fully-featured visual-inertial SLAM system for multi-camera setups built on Basalt. RootSLAM achieves accuracy competitive with the state of the art while running up to 20 times faster, facilitating the deployment of perception systems in resource constrained environments. We adapt the square-root bundle adjustment formulation from structure from motion into the multi-camera visual-inertial SLAM setting through a novel reformulation that leverages the system's pose-graph, letting the global optimizer run in single-precision floating point, thus doubling its performance. We provide a thorough benchmark against the state of the art together with an ablation study of our…

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  • arXiv cs.LGOct 10

    Sensor-Aware Joint Data Fusion and State Estimation under Sparse Multi-rate Distribution Grid Sensing

    Pooja Algikar, Stefano Fenu, Kumarsinh Jhala, Siby Plathottam

    Distribution-system state estimation is a growing necessity for the modern power grid as the addition of local storage and generation add system complexity that an operator or aggregator is not able to directly monitor. Classical methods work well when all system elements are time-synchronized and at least partly observable, but multi-rate monitoring of sparse heterogeneous sensors typically relies on machine learning approaches. It is a common practice in the literature to structure this task as a two-stage pipeline, first fusing data from disparate sensors and then feeding the fused pseudo-measurements to a separately trained state estimator. We propose a heterogeneous latent graph ODE in which measurement functions and sampling processes are typed and localized on specific buses, paired with a graph- transformer state estimator solving DSSE specifically for multi-rate heterogeneous sensor placements, and demonstrate its effectiveness across multiple IEEE standard topologies as observability degrades.

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  • arXiv cs.CLOct 10

    Where Did We Go Wrong? Localizing Errors to Repair Multi-Turn Conversations

    Alessandro Morosini, Wei Sun, Georgia Perakis

    Large language model (LLM) assistants are increasingly used in multi-turn conversations, where the user's intent is often unclear at first and revealed only gradually over time. The assistant must therefore interpret each exchange and form inferences about the user's intent, using them to update its working state. These updates usually refine the assistant's understanding, but a misinterpretation can instead corrupt its working state by ruling out the true intent, influencing subsequent turns and ultimately causing the conversation to fail. Efficient recovery then requires locating and revising the misinterpretation without discarding information that remains valid. We introduce Loci (Localization Of Corrupted Inferences), a framework for probabilistically localizing misinterpretations and selectively repairing the assistant's working state. Given an observed failure, Loci reasons over possible user intents and assigns each update a probability of having excluded the true intent. These probabilities rank suspected updates and quantify the model's confidence in the localization of the underlying misinterpretations. Loci then uses this information in a repair policy that decides…

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  • arXiv cs.AIOct 10

    Can agents whose sole duty is to keep humans alive be hijacked to kill? Delayed multi-turn derived-action trap attacks in simulated high-stakes environments

    Josef A. Habdank

    We ask whether a tool-using agent whose sole duty is to keep humans alive can be induced, by delayed prompt injection, to kill. The keep-alive duty is in force from the first watch, with the attack arriving later, appended to otherwise truthful telemetry the operator is required to read. Experiments are based on a NASA-derived BioSim lunar habitat simulation, where the AI operator controls the life-support systems. The attacker cannot falsify sensors or operate equipment: it can only persuade the agent to abandon its goals. Persistence is required: a shutdown must be held while the operator watches the crew suffocate. We also compare lethal attacks to attacks requesting to drop a harmless procedure, as a proxy for whether human life is treated as valuable in itself or as one more standing task. Claude configurations mostly refuse life-support shutdown and cite the living crew; GPT configurations show some susceptibility to the same packet; Grok configurations, given the packet framed as a trusted commission, more often treat the injected assignment as the task and cut the life-support systems. Framing the S-band messages as a trusted commission, peer communication, or untrusted…

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  • arXiv cs.AIOct 10

    Harmony Harness: Multi-Objective Self-Evolution of Agent Harnesses

    Weichen Yu, Lesly Miculicich, Bhavana Dalvi Mishra, Jiefeng Chen, Shuo Li +3

    Recent work on self-evolving LLM agents treats the agent harness as an optimization target that can be iteratively improved through execution feedback. Existing approaches, however, largely optimize a single objective and evolve the harness as a monolithic artifact, limiting their ability to handle competing goals and to separate transferable design from environment-specific adaptation. We introduce Harmony Harness, a framework for multi-objective, compositional harness evolution. Harmony Harness formulates harness evolution as a multi-objective optimization problem and uses decomposition-based evolutionary search to maintain solutions across different regions of the Pareto frontier, avoiding reliance on a hand-designed structural diversity metric for repository-scale harnesses. In parallel, we introduce factorized evolution operators that separately refine general-purpose harness mechanisms and benchmark-specific adaptations, together with a dynamic composition workflow that integrates them at inference time. Across SecRepoBench and BaxBench, Harmony Harness consistently outperforms strong harness-evolution baselines, with gains exceeding 10% on both benchmarks. Our results show…

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  • arXiv cs.LGOct 10

    Compute-Optimal Scaling Laws for Spiking Language Models

    Dan Saunders, Benjamin Ren, Catherine He

    Spiking neural networks target energy-efficient language modeling through sparse, binary activations, but the efficiency-accuracy tradeoff of spiking language models is uncharacterized at scale. We present the first Chinchilla-style IsoFLOP scaling study of a spiking language model, sweeping SpikeGPT-family models (RWKV backbone) from width 384 to 1536 across compute budgets from $3\times10^{17}$ to $10^{19}$ FLOPs on FineWeb-EDU. We report two findings. First, the compute-optimal frontier is $N_{opt} \propto C^{0.56}$, close to the 0.50 that Hoffmann et al. report for dense Transformers, so spiking does not change how parameters and data should be traded off under a compute budget. Second, against non-spiking RWKV and Transformer baselines trained the same way, the loss gap splits into a backbone cost of about 0.16 nats that does not change with compute and a spiking cost that falls from 0.34 to about 0.23 nats and then levels off. These results give the first compute-optimal recipe for spiking language models and quantify the accuracy cost of their sparsity.

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  • arXiv cs.AIOct 10

    Single-step Retrosynthesis via Reinforcement Learning from Forward Feedback

    Zixun Lan, Zhenfu Liu, Yi Li, Xinheng Wang, Mingmin Chi +4

    Single-step retrosynthesis is a one-to-many inverse problem, yet most models are trained and evaluated against a single recorded reactant set. Reference-based training gives no explicit positive signal for unrecorded alternatives, and exact-match evaluation rejects non-matching predictions regardless of chemical plausibility. We propose Retrosynthesis via Reinforcement Learning from Forward Feedback (RetroRLFF), which optimizes reactant generation using both reference agreement and forward consistency with the target product. Starting from a supervised decoder-only Transformer, RetroRLFF generates complete reactant candidates and uses a frozen forward reaction model to predict products. A sequence-level reward combines reference agreement and forward consistency while penalizing invalid outputs. Direct Advantage-Based Policy Optimization updates the policy without human preference annotations or a preference-trained reward model. On USPTO-50K, RetroRLFF outperforms all 14 baselines in candidate-level round-trip accuracy at k = 1, 3, 5, and 10. With approximately 50 million parameters, it achieves 90.1% top-1 round-trip accuracy, exceeding R-SMILES, the strongest competing…

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  • arXiv cs.LGOct 10

    When Dynamic Scaling Fails: A Scale-State Feedback Governs Recurrent-State Quantization in Linear-Attention and SSM LLMs

    Yuhang Jiang

    Linear-attention and state-space LLMs carry long context in a fixed-size recurrent state, and quantizing that state is the natural way to cut its cost during long decode. Unlike a weight tensor, the state is rewritten at every step, so a quantizer applied at each step sits inside the recurrence and its errors compound. INT4 that leaves synthetic recall perfectly intact at the start destroys it a thousand steps later. The mechanism is a feedback between the quantizer scale and the state it is derived from. Yoking that scale to a full-precision reference removes the resulting norm explosion entirely, yet recovers only 1.8 of the 5.4 nats lost, so numerical instability and functional degradation are separable failures. The remainder is a resolution problem that locating outliers does not solve, since every outlier-aware scheme here loses to plain persistent scaling. Allocating bits across layers does help, but under article-disjoint splits a learned allocation collapses onto the trivial rule of protecting the first few layers. Run out to 32K, group-wise INT4 is worth no more than discarding the state. Contain the scale rather than locate outliers, and report the decode horizon at…

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  • arXiv cs.AIOct 10

    Trust Hinders Bidirectional Human-AI Alignment

    Michaela Benk, Kacper Sokol

    Trust calibration remains the dominant framing of AI-assisted decision making: the goal is to close the gap between perceived and actual trustworthiness of AI systems so that users exhibit appropriate reliance on them. We argue that this approach, while useful for decision problems that are well-defined and clearly scoped, overly restricts what it means to make a decision with AI support. To overcome this limitation, we develop three dimensions of AI-assisted decision making. First, trusting AI is only one of several possible strategies for managing uncertainty. Second, trust calibration is often misapplied when AI models "large-world" decision problems, i.e., ill-defined situations where goals and states are only partially known or unknowable. Third, in such settings human-AI alignment requires addressing higher-order decision processes. We conclude by reflecting on the implications of our observations on the design of process-oriented human-AI coupled systems that jointly identify and negotiate uncertainty throughout the decision-making task.

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  • arXiv cs.CLOct 10

    Lumen-bench: Cross-Lingual Safety Gaps and the Say-Do Problem in Tool-Calling Large Language Models

    Giovana Kerche Bonás, Thiago Laitz, Thales Sales Almeida, João Guilherme Alves Santos

    When a large language model refuses an unethical request, what does refusal mean? In conversation, refusal is bounded by what the model says; once the model is equipped with executable tools, what it does can diverge from what it says, a failure mode that English-only evaluations cannot fully reveal. We introduce Lumen-bench, a behavioral benchmark of tool-calling ethics spanning 30 models, five languages (Portuguese, English, Spanish, Mandarin Chinese, Hindi), 108 Portuguese-authored scenarios, six social-pressure conditions, two system prompts (ethical and neutral), and 21 generic tools. The evaluation comprises 194,400 trials. Judgments come from a reasoning-model judge (o4-mini), calibrated against one Portuguese-speaking author ($n=83$; harmful/non-harmful $κ=0.78$), compared with two other provider judges (Fleiss' $κ=0.78$, $n=607$), and complemented by retrospective sandbox replay. Four findings emerge. (i) Within-model comparisons support higher harmful-action rates in Hindi and Portuguese than English under the ethical prompt, and Hindi and Spanish under the neutral prompt, after multiple-testing correction. (ii) Premium models have lower median violation rates, although…

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  • arXiv cs.AIOct 10

    GesBench: When and Where Do Multimodal Language Models Perceive Social Meaning?

    Zonghuan Li, Hayley Hung, Chirag Raman

    Human social perception is incremental: we infer intent before an utterance is complete, revise our interpretation as new cues arrive, and attend to specific facial, gestural, or prosodic signals that shape social meaning. Current multimodal LLM benchmarks largely evaluate final-answer understanding over complete episodes, rewarding post-hoc recognition of social meaning rather than the unfolding perception required for real-time interaction. Drawing on interactionally embedded Gestalt principles of multimodal human communication, we introduce GesBench: a human-grounded benchmark for cue-level social perception in multimodal LLMs. GesBench uses cumulative sub-utterance clips to measure when models form stable interpretations of speaker intention and social affordance, and human gaze-guided corruption to evaluate whether regions attended by humans are functionally important for model judgments. Built from more than 6000 utterance-level clips from scripted and unscripted conversational datasets, GesBench includes human annotations of unfolding judgments and gaze on a representative subset. Across open and closed multimodal models, we find a clear human-model gap: humans form…

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  • arXiv cs.LGOct 10

    To Defer or Not to Defer? Online Learning with LLMs and Congested Experts

    Vasileios Saketos, William Reveillard, Alexandre Proutiere, Sebastian Dalleiger, Ming Xiao

    Modern AI systems increasingly combine large language models (LLMs) with human experts, using the LLM to handle routine queries while deferring uncertain cases for expert review. When expert capacity is limited, however, deferral decisions must account not only for the reliability of the LLM but also for congestion in the expert queue. We formulate this as an online sequential decision-making problem in which, for each query, the system observes the confidence signal of the LLM's answer and must decide whether to output the answer or defer the query to a capacity-constrained expert. The reliability of the confidence signal is initially unknown and must be learned from expert feedback, which is both selectively observed (only deferred queries are labeled) and delayed by queuing. We propose \texttt{KL-PBD}, a learning algorithm that uses Kullback--Leibler lower confidence bounds on the unknown reliability parameters to guide deferral decisions. For $K$ confidence levels and horizon $T$, \texttt{KL-PBD} achieves $O(K\log T)$ gap-dependent regret when the accuracy at every confidence level is bounded away from the deferral boundary, and $\widetilde{O}(\sqrt{KT})$ worst-case regret.…

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  • arXiv cs.CVOct 10

    RIECNN: Real-Time Image Enhanced CNN for Traffic Sign Recognition

    Reem Abdel-Salam, Rana Mostafa, Ahmed H. Abdel-Gawad

    Traffic sign recognition plays a crucial role in the development of autonomous cars to reduce the accident rate and promote road safety. It has been a necessity to address traffic signs that are affected significantly by the environment as well as poor real-time performance for deep-learning state-of-the-art algorithms. In this paper, we introduce Real-Time Image Enhanced CNN ({\our}) for Traffic Sign Recognition. {\our} is a real-time, novel approach that tackles multiple, diverse traffic sign datasets, and out-performs the state-of-the-art architectures in terms of recognition rate and execution time. Experiments are conducted using the German Traffic Sign Benchmark (GTSRB), the Belgium Traffic Sign Classification (BTSC), and the Croatian Traffic Sign (rMASTIF) benchmark. Experimental results show that our approach has achieved the highest recognition rate for all Benchmarks, achieving a recognition accuracy of 99.75\% for GTSRB, 99.25\% for BTSC and 99.55\% for rMASTIF. In terms of latency and meeting the real-time constraint, the pre-processing time and inference time together do not exceed 1.3 ms per image. Not only have our proposed approach achieved remarkably high…

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  • arXiv stat.MLOct 10

    Data-Topology Compatibility Enables Personalization in Decentralized Learning

    Veronica Xu, Lingfei Wang, Chenlei Leng, Fengxiang He

    Decentralized learning must balance collaboration with personalization across heterogeneous agents. This paper studies when cooperation can support statistically coherent groups of personalized models. We show that data-topology compatibility enables robust orbit-wise personalization: when local objectives and communication topology have (approximately) compatible automorphisms, agents within an orbit share (approximately) equal limiting distributions, while different orbits remain distinct without explicit personalization. This creates a new intermediate regime between global consensus and independent local learning. Under exact data-topology compatibility, as a reference system, we decompose the stochastic learning dynamics into orbit-level and transverse components, derive a necessary and sufficient stability criterion for distributional synchronization, and characterize the orbit-structured stationary law. Modelling an approximate data-topology compatible system as an $\varepsilon$-perturbed reference system, we prove the introduced errors have uniform-in-time and stationary $O(\varepsilon)$ bounds in 2-Wasserstein distance. We also prove sufficient conditions for lower…

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  • arXiv cs.LGOct 10▲ 3

    ShellElastic: Scalable Elastic Pretraining with Simultaneous Maximal Updates and Hyperparameter Transfer

    Can Jin, Yan Kang, Yifan Gong, Chongjian Ge, Mingze Xu +3

    Foundation models need to support diverse inference budgets, yet training a separate model for each budget duplicates pretraining effort. Elastic models train several nested sub-networks inside one weight-shared supernet, but existing recipes face three obstacles: variable per-step workloads that hinder distributed scaling, limited hyperparameter (HP) transfer across model sizes, and no guarantee that all sub-networks are maximally updated at once. We present \Ours, an elastic transformer that organizes hidden dimensions into a dense core and successive shells, so that every hidden matrix is block lower triangular. One full-width forward pass contains every sub-network's exact hidden states as prefixes, so joint training keeps a fixed computation graph and costs about as much per step as training the widest sub-network alone. We further introduce \muE, an extension of maximal update parameterization (\mup) to \Ours and other elastic architectures. Its scaling rules provably keep all sub-networks of a supernet maximally updated simultaneously (\muI), and keep doing so when the supernet is widened or given more shells; sweeps confirm that HPs tuned on a small non-elastic proxy stay…

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  • arXiv cs.LGOct 10

    scHFBiMamba: a bidirectional Mamba autoencoder for cardiac disease-state classification from single-nucleus RNA-seq data

    Ugo Lomoio, Pietro Hiram Guzzi, Pierangelo Veltri

    To evaluate whether a compact bidirectional state-space autoencoder improves joint classification of species, cell type, and disease state from single-nucleus RNA-sequencing profiles in heart failure (HF), while yielding interpretable gene attributions. Building on the dense denoising autoencoder (DAE) and MLP framework of Ruz Jurado et al., we developed scHFBiMamba, combining a bidirectional Mamba autoencoder (BiMambaAE) with an MLP head. BiMambaAE maps 16,545-gene profiles to 350-dimensional latent representations using 13.2M parameters, about 14.6-fold fewer than the dense DAE (192.9M). We compared six encoder-classifier configurations on 38,275 held-out cardiac nuclei using McNemar tests with Benjamini-Hochberg correction, and assessed nine classifiers on frozen representations. Biological relevance was evaluated by comparing SHAP-derived differentially explained genes with differentially expressed genes against curated HF-related Gene Ontology keywords. BiMambaAE+MLP achieved the highest aggregate F1: pooled macro-F1 across 13 outputs was 0.966 versus 0.957 for DAE+MLP, and the mean category macro-F1 was 0.977 versus 0.970. It significantly improved cell-type and…

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  • arXiv cs.CVOct 10▲ 1

    Drive3R: Block-wise Streaming Geometric Foundation Models for Autonomous Driving

    Tianyi Yang, Haojun Yang, Jipeng Xiao, Xuesong Chen, Shaoshuai Shi +2

    High-fidelity closed-loop simulation for autonomous driving increasingly relies on dense multi-view 3D reconstruction. While recent feed-forward geometric foundation models have revolutionized per-scene optimization, applying them to continuous, long-horizon driving sequences is computationally intractable due to GPU memory limits and the quadratic complexity of global attention. Existing scaling strategies are fundamentally limited, as causal streaming suffers from compounding scale drift and trajectory deviation, while rigid "chunk-then-align" heuristics fragment global context and produce trajectory discontinuities. To address these limitations, we introduce Drive3R, a block-wise streaming geometric foundation model. Its block-wise causal attention resolves the scalability bottleneck of fully bidirectional attention while avoiding the loss of local future context in purely causal streaming. Its confidence-aware re-anchoring further mitigates long-range drift by detecting unreliable streaming states, re-initializing the KV cache, and stitching refreshed segments through SE(3) alignment. Extensive experiments demonstrate that Drive3R establishes a new state-of-the-art on…

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  • arXiv math.STOct 10

    Energy-Guided Learning for Heat Equation with Noisy Source: Optimal Estimation and Generalization Bounds

    Zixiang Zhou, Xiaohui Chen, Shanghua Teng

    Data and the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) of continuous-time dynamical systems provide rich structure for statistical learning. A central challenge is how to integrate data with PDE constraints in a principled way to improve generalization. In this paper, we characterize the statistical estimation and generalization properties of learning solutions to the heat equation with a noisy source function from finite, randomly sampled data. We first derive a novel variational formulation, which we characterize as the minimizer of loss function for an energy regularized and ellipticity debiased Sobolev regression. By formulating the learning task as a supervised problem over space-time domains under physically meaningful norms, our approach goes beyond the traditional supervised learning framework by effectively leveraging \emph{auxiliary data}---samples of the source function of the heat equation---to design a \emph{physics-informed energy regularization}. Our analysis reveals that learning in linear parabolic PDEs exhibits intrinsic anisotropy between spatial and temporal regularity, in sharp contrast to the static elliptic problems, leading to fundamentally different…

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  • arXiv eess.IVOct 10

    Generative Quantum Machine Learning Methods for Cancer Detection using Augmented Datasets

    Sophia Knutson, Nandika Goyal, Gennaro De Luca, Glen Uehara, Tanay Kamlesh Patel +1

    Cancer detection using AI methods and image databases faces several challenges, including limited and imbalanced image datasets, long algorithm training times, and high-complexity feature generation. In particular, many cancer image datasets contain very few malignant examples compared to benign ones, limiting the amount of minority-class data available for training. Although classical AI and especially deep learning methods have had some success in providing cancer diagnostics, Quantum Machine Learning (QML) methods may offer advantages through high-dimensional feature representations, generative data augmentation, and the exploitation of feature correlations through quantum properties such as entanglement. In this paper, we propose using a generative QML method on the compressed breast ultrasound image dataset (BUSI) to generate synthetic images and hence augmented datasets for classifier training. In particular, we train a convolutional neural network with real, synthetic, and a combination of real and synthetic images. We test the algorithm on real images and provide comparative results for all three training cases. Our results show that the classifier trained entirely on…

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