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Agent skills encode operational procedures and domain expertise as reusable knowledge assets, yet their distribution in plaintext exposes them to unauthorized copying and leakage. However, practical mechanisms for skill ownership verification and leakage tracing remain…
Language models are becoming infrastructure, and infrastructure built in the open, by public institutions, on documented data, is the alternative to dependence on a few providers; Apertus shows this is viable at scale. Apertus 1.5 extends the fully open Apertus family from text…
We study pretraining when compute is abundant but unique training data are finite, requiring repeated training on the same data. We first revisit infinite-compute pretraining (Kim et al. 2026) and show that its frontier depends critically on choices previously fixed or studied…
